The Scarlet Letter And The Devil And Tom Walker - 1001 Words

Throughout â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† by Washington Irving, the topics of sin and religion are addressed. Both stories share the similar idea of how sin and religion are present in their Puritan societies. Throughout The Scarlet Letter we interpret the ideas of sin and how it relates to to the concept of religion surrounding the community. In The Devil and Tom Walker we are left to analyze the actions and beliefs of a complex character, and how it relates to sin and religion. Overall, both stories are comprable because of their topics of sin and religion and how they relate to specific characters beliefs, actions, and behavior. Initially, both The Scarlet Letter and The Devil and Tom Walker share ideas of religion. In the Scarlet Letter the story takes place in a strict Puritan society. The Puritans believe in following God’s Law and the Bible, therefore, they believed everything in the Bible was true and must be strictly followed. They believed that if God was present in their society so was the Devil. Hester Prynne and her daughter Pearl live in this society with these religious beliefs. Pear asks to hear a story of the Black Man, or in other words, the Devil, while in the forest with Hester. â€Å"But you may sit down if you tell me as story meanwhile. A story, child! said Hester. And what about? Oh a story about the Black Man, answered Pearl, taking hold of her mother’s gown, and looking up, half earnestly, half mischievously,Show MoreRelatedSupernatural in American Fiction Essay2928 Words   |  12 Pagesmortal world. Because of this, a large following of Rices characters has developed, especially Lestat de Lioncourt. Lestat is the hypothetical author of The Vampire Lestat, The Queen of the Damned, The Tale of the Body Thief, and Memnoch the Devil.25 His fans, including Rice herself, are deeply fascinated by this tall, fair-skinned man with a mass of blond hair.26 They dream of this intriguing vampire stealing into their room with a graceful, almost feline quality to his movements,27

Augustine’s Journey to the Truth in The Confessions of St....

In the Confessions by Saint Augustine, this great philosopher experiences many problems and emotions related to sin and evil. As a boy, he often felt darkness, blindness, and confusion while attempting to find rest in God. Augustine started out in childhood with a restless heart because he had to live in two different worlds. These worlds consisted of his mother’s Christian faith, and the world of everything else. These two worlds confused and disturbed Augustine as a child. Augustine’s father was pagan and his mother was Christian, and they both wanted him to be very successful in the world. As he became confused, he began asking questions that could not be answered such as, â€Å"Humans often feel restless, but what is it they need to feel at†¦show more content†¦As this man was inspired to learn the truth, he read a book called Hortensius and soon after joined the Manicheans. These people had elements of Christianity and elements of Buddhism but believed th at all creations including flesh were evil. They believed all sex; even marriage including the birth of children was evil and sinful. Manicheans felt that the world was evil material full of darkness trying to find the spiritual world of light, as some would say, the power between good and evil. While being associated with the Manicheans, Augustine had the conception that evil was capable of being touched, like a material substance. But as he spoke with others and further looked into what evil means to exist, he abandoned the notion that evil is something tangible. He realized that evil does not exist in the physical world and therefore moved away from the Manichean religion. Considering that Manichaeism failed him, he moved into a period of diligent studying. During this period he became involved with Neo-Platonism, which was a type of religious philosophy. He became acquainted with Ambrose and as he listened to his preaching’s, he saw the symbolic narrative in his scriptures. As he began to follow a direction, he was involved in Neo-Platonism. These studies were Plato’s ideas trying to be interpreted. This raised a new approach to his philosophy; philosophers such asShow MoreRelatedThe Writings Of Augustine s Writings Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn his famous Confessions, Augustine presents ideas of creativity through his resistance to other religions as well as his persuasive ideas, notions of community in terms of a group bound by religious beliefs, and conflict in the form of internal struggle with belief and sin, all of which find resonance in other religious texts such as the Qur’an, the Chronicle of St. Denis, and passage s from the Tanakh. Augustine began writing Confessions in around 400 CE as a spiritual autobiography that walksRead MoreAugustine : A Journey Of Conversion1043 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 2014 Augustine: A Journey of Conversion Before submitting himself to God, Augustine lived a life controlled by various sinful tendencies such as theft and lust. Surrounded by strong believers of Catholicism, such as his mother, St. Monica, Augustine grew up questioning Christ and the faith and rather explored other religions. Two religions that Augustine devoted himself to were Manichaeism and Neoplatonism. While both religions had strengths and flaws, neither truly satisfied Augustine’s spiritualRead MoreSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Aurelius Augustinius, St. Augustine, was born in 354 A.D. in Tagaste, a town in North Africa. Born just over a century before the fall of Rome, Augustine would live his entire life within the Roman empire. Augustine was a great Christian thinker and wrote numerous works which survive today, and offer us a vivid glimpse into the period. His works and thoughts on Christ, the nature of God, the role of the Church, and myriad other topics, shaped muchRead MoreWhile St. Augustine’s autobiography is not comparable to the poetic dream vision of Inferno, the600 Words   |  3 PagesWhile St. Augustine’s autobiography is not comparable to the poetic dream vision of Inferno, the theological background of the two works is nearly identical. Dante the character of Inferno, like Augustine in Confessions, is a homo viator, a spiritual wanderer on earth; Dante the poet believes that the soul’s sinful state leads to retribution in Hell. The significance of both works benefit in understanding the journeys of man in his quest for a more spiritual association, the faults Dante and AugustineRead MoreEssay about Reflecting on St. Augustine at ACS1475 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"The Confessions,† readers see St. Augustine struggle with the question of â€Å"Who am I?† while figuring out his belief in God. The mission of Villanova University is to help create â€Å"thoughtful, intellectually-curious, and spiritually-grounded† students before they graduate. Thus, ACS helps transform young children to be mature adults. Students read â€Å"The Confessions† in ACS because they see Augustine’s struggle to find his identity and religion on his own terms. Since Saint Augustine is relatableRead MoreConfessions : The Role Of Friendship On St. Augustine s Spiritual Journey Essay2131 Words   |  9 PagesCONFESSIONS: THE ROLE OF FRIENDSHIP ON ST. AUGUSTINE’S SPIRITUAL JOURNEY Originally written during the fourth century, St. Augustine’s autobiographical book, Confessions, was among the most influential models for Christian writers over the course of a millennium. As it is arguably Augustine’s most important text, it continues to influence theological discussion even today. Through writing Confessions, Augustine proves himself to be a professional scrutinizer. He analyzes every aspect of his ownRead MoreTFF: True Friends Forever: Childhood Friend vs. Nebridius Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking, many philosophers, including Augustine, grapple with the concept and fulfillment of true friendship. Augustine writes of the meaning of true friendship in The Confessions, while also writing of his friendships throughout his life, using his own guidelines of what true friendship entails a revolution of his friendships can be seen alongside his transformation toward God that The Confessions is well known to showcase. In The Confessions, Augustine defines what true friendship is with theRead MoreReasons For St Augustine s Conversion2016 Words   |  9 PagesSaint Augustine’s conversion. This conversion was believed to be the result of an ultimate battle of sexual desire with spirit. St Augustine Biography Info Augustine of Hippo was born on November 13, in AD 354, in Thagaste (modern day Souk Ahras, Algeria), and died on August 28, in AD 430, in modern-day Annaba, Algeria (then known as Hippo Regius). It was in the latter city where he was named Bishop 35 years prior to his death. It is a challenge to encapsulate renowned personalities, and with St. AugustineRead MoreSt Augustine Confessions Analysis1516 Words   |  7 PagesIn St. Augustine’s Confessions, the tension between knowledge of God and the habitual life, and by extension the struggle between continence and incontinence, are central to St. Augustine’s evolution as a faithful servant of God. These tensions are evident in several episodes of weeping throughout the text, as the true reason for his weeping stems from a disruption in the habitual life or from his inability to change his habits. St. Augustine’s weeping as a youth over the death of Dido, his weepingRead MoreThe Between Faith And Reason Essay1201 Wo rds   |  5 PagesSaint Augustine, Aquinas, and Dante are all philosophers that question and analyze the balance between faith and reason in human life. All three men are on personal journeys to better understand not only themselves, but their faith as well. Although the three have different writing styles, Augustine’s The Confessions, Aquinas’ Summa Contra Gentiles, and Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, all share the common theme of faith and reason. These pieces of writing are extremely influential, which are

Hard Times and God of Small Things Essay Example For Students

Hard Times and God of Small Things Essay Childhood is an integral theme in both Hard Times and God of Small Things but both authors have tackled the issue in a vastly different way. Arundhati Roy focuses her book very much on the way children relate to the world around them, while Dickens tends to look more at how children are treated by the rest of the world. This small change in perspective gives a vastly different view of childrens lives, which are further enhanced by the writing styles of the two authors. Roys greatest gift is her power of memory, the kind of memory Charles Dickens is famous for and a small number of other writers such as George Eliot and the poet Wordsworth, which can bring alive for the reader what most of us have forgotten but can recall if jogged. What it felt like to be a child, a stranger and afraid in a world we never made, yet endowed with as much or more ability to experience the supposedly adult emotions of anxiety, jealousy, grief, despair, as well as what Rahels uncle Chacko tells her are possible in Human Nature. Love. Madness. Hope. Infinite Joy. The novels lead characters, Rahel and her twin brother, Estha, become fit carriers for whatever the novel is saying about the human condition, because their very fragility, without the adult illusion of control over lifes fluidity, makes it obvious how vulnerable they, like their apparently less vulnerable elders, are to social, political and emotional phenomena that can devour their lives. While Dickens spreads the focus of the story over a larger range of characters than Roy, he still uses the childrens emotions as a strong conveyer of the sentiment or moral of a scene and the story as a whole. A great example of this abuse of emotions is Louisas continual sadness and confusion as she is bought up to act like a woman while still expressing the characteristics and mentality of a child or youth. When questioned on her feelings for Bounderby she replies It will be getting away from home. When Bounderby plants an affectionate (although bordering on sexual or at least overly forward) kiss on Louisas cheek she responds by rubbing it away, with no care if she was to rub a hole in face This is a situation reminiscent of Esthahappens encounter with the Orange Drink Lemon Drink man. While the relationship is different the hatred and fear stemming from it in the two concerned characters is very similar. Roy focuses Esthahappens fear away from his actual feelings and concentrates on what is around him to show how Estha is affected. He links his fear to the drink he has in his hand (Free, fizzed fear) and withdraws the incident into himself, not even sharing it with his sister. Louisa does not have Esthas fear of a recurrence, possibly Dickens believing the adult orientated world he places his characters in would mature them more than the relative freedom of Esthas location, so he removes the long term distress to be replaced with a short burst of angry emotion.. Possibly because of her harsher childhood environment, Louisa is portrayed as a mature character in Hard Times all throughout the book, sometimes more so than the adults responsible for her. Her loyalty and protectiveness toward her brother show her as far more of an adult than her father treats her when they are caught watching the circus. And her stepping in to take the blame from her brother (I bought him father) shows not only that she is worried of her brother being upset, but also that she is aware of the disciplining she will receive and does not appear to be fearful of that. Dickens does not give Tom the same respect worthy stance. .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .postImageUrl , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:hover , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:visited , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:active { border:0!important; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:active , .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102 .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d435a3561c9b05f666bfbcd72e03102:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Chrysanthemums EssayHe presents Tom as a cowardly boy (growing into an equally weak adult) who is happily willing to use his sister to improve his own life I had better go where I can take advantage of your influence. In Toms case Dickens presents him with a large amount of intelligence and perception, yet he gives him no incentive or natural will to use his skills in a generally beneficial way. He instead spots a door opened by his sister leading to an easy passage to success, this is displayed to full effect as Harthouse confronts Tom about borrowing money from his sister. Estha and Rahel are given a far closer and more mutually beneficial relationship than this. Roy presents them as a pair of children (a larger group as Sophie Mol arrives) pitted against a difficult life of un-understanding adults. Along with the struggle to cope with their surroundings Estha and Rahel are frequently placed in situations by those they love who act to confuse and affect them even more Careless words make people love you a little less. Roys simile of the moth moving on Rahels heart gives a clear indication how children can pick up on a comment that seems insignificant to the other people concerned. However to Rahel this one line (Make me love you a little less) is embedded onto her mind, and frequently brought to the attention of the reader by Roy as she refers to the moth lifting its leg inside Rahel. Dickens does not go into such imaginative imagery, preferring the harsh scientific approach of the adult characters he creates. The stereotypical image held by youngsters of their elders as fun-hating, rule enforcing ogres is perfectly presented in many places in Hard Times with the most obvious example being the childrens own father. These iron figures seem unimaginably distant from the innocence displayed by Cecilia Jupe and the other youngsters, but this is an illusion shattered by the introduction of Bitzer. Bitzer is incredibly streetwise and while Tom Gradgrind Jr. has learned to exploit his sister, Bitzer takes it a step further and uses the adults to get his wishes. He knows precisely what his seniors are looking for (Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth) and by giving them the answers they look for he gains enough of their trust and respect to cover his lack of scientific intelligence and to gain information he wants from them. He becomes an expert at understanding Mrs Sparsit and soon begins to have control over her by merely placing ideas in her grasp and letting her take the credit for them you did object to names being used, and theyre always best avoided. To watch Bitzer converse with Mrs Sparsit is highly amusing as we are directly seeing Dickens ridiculing her through the boy: He now and then slided into my lady, instead of maam, as an involuntary acknowledgement of Mrs Sparsits dignity. Dickens uses Bitzer as a fine example that children (or youths, at this stage in the book) have every right to be as sharp and manipulative as the adults are. Louisa can also be incredibly acute at times, demonstrated as she conversed with Mr Harthouse, leaving Bounderby perplexed by the speed and insightful nature of their conversation. Harthouses innocent phrase because I have no choice of opinions is quickly torn apart by an astute Louisa who jumps in: Have you none of your own. The rapid fire exchange is broken only by Mr Bounderby mentioning the postponement of dinner. This makes Bounderby appear incredibly out of his depth in the room, and his usual loudness was contained while he was in danger of bursting with silentness.

The Dance of Genghis Chaim Review Essay Example

The Dance of Genghis Chaim Review Paper Essay on The Dance of Genghis Chaim The phenomenon of Nazism little to fix in an art form, it must be very clearly understood. The review in this sense is very contradictory. All the more meaningless to talk about the confrontation of peoples and cultures that is, sorry, complete nonsense. There are a number of the most remarkable of modern research (see. As S. Soloviev. Ethics killers.), Dedicated to the problem. And they say thats about it: It is not mindless obedience, but the conscious acceptance that characterized the German style of cooperation with evil so writes American historian Claudia Koontz (Conscience Nazis Ladomir 2007..). Of course, as said Mikhail Romm in the famous film, there was another Germany Those who actively resisted the Nazis, was a little, but they were It may seem strange, but the majority of Germans do not approve of Gross RACISM OR pogroms. Koontz shows that every time and in 1933, and prior to the approval of the Nuremberg Race Laws in 1935, and after the Kristallnacht in 1938 the Nazi regime after these bursts of violence faced with massive disapproval, which carefully studied and I worried on that score. Moreover, the aggressive propaganda simply does not bear fruit, even a high-ranking Nazi officials used the services of the Jews, not to mention ordinary citizens. Why is the whole population of the country were involved in the horrific crimes? Material incentives Germans mood constitutes an essential purpose of the board at each stage. The state has become a huge machine for pillage, and individuals in benefits pullers and bribed passively. Corrupting effect: were things, the existence of which they did not know at the disposal of the common people. occurred loyalty of millions of people passive mode more and was not required. Bribed the possibilities colonial existence in the East all of this was planned as a concrete utopia for everyone German. Nazi racial theory is rightly regarded as the ideological preparation and justification of hatred an d mass murder. (S. Madievsky,) It is quite another matter that the Nazi Intellectuals held conferences, created anti-Semitic institutions, about the definition of Jew arguing lawyers, biologists, physicians, philosophers. but it quickly became clear: to define the concept of race in Nazi terms can not be So much so that experts on racial matters does not recommend the Nazi leaders to use this concept No blood, no skull size or shape of the nose no specific signs of Jewishness has not been revealed, as, of course, the general public was not informed, but the propaganda effect was achieved. Antisemitism WAS SUPPORTED BY AUTHORITY OF ACADEMIC SCIENCE in a respectable form of racism turned back to normal, sanctified by the authority of science. taught German take a passive or an active part in the genocide. Many scientists who refused to be based on racism, forced out of the prestigious association, lost seats in the editorial board, but retained their positions and titles (p. 214). Most collaborated with the Nazis consciously and proactively. It is this complicity and a huge help of intellectuals in enforcing racist policies gave grounds Victor Klemperer, a miracle survivor of German philology of Jewish origin, to write: If the fate of the vanquished was in my hands, I would have released to the world of ordinary people, and even some of the leaders. .. but I would have hauled all the intellectuals, and professors would hang three feet higher than all the others (p. 238). But in post-war Germany, as we know, this category of Nazi war criminals escaped easiest.

Alienation in Contemporary Maori Society essays

Alienation in Contemporary Maori Society essays Contemporary Maori society has encountered difficulties in the absence of traditional Maori culture. Maori writers have emphasized alienation as a cultural and singular quandary within post settlement New Zealand. One such Maori writer, Witi Ihimaera, focuses on problems of contemporary Maori society in a number of his works. In the short story entitled, Big Brother, Little Sister, Ihimaera designs a Maori story replete with desperation and alienation that masks love, a corner post in traditional Maori society. In traditional Maori culture, the family was an integral part of the survival based on the clan's ability to cooperate and withstand a sundry assortment of tribulations ranging from agricultural issues to attacks by neighboring clans. By using love to contrast alienation the theme of abandonment is shown as a problem in contemporary Maori society. A sense of estrangement is first introduced in the first domestic scene of the story. The father and mother return after a night of drinking and after a fight about infidelities the father viciously beat his wife and daughter. After being battered the mother filled with fear, exclaims to the father, 'No, John, don't leave me. Don't.' This portrayal begins the departure from a traditional family to a contemporary one. In this encounter the two sides to the story are presented; by trying to protect their mother the children illustrated their love and devotion, the mothers' begging for her husband not to leave the mother's fear of alienation from male support is clearly shown. After these two sides are presented, the mother quickly establishes a trend; alienating her children in an effort to keep a male companion. The first example of this is illustrated shortly after the mother's lover, Uncle Pera moves in after the father leaves. Uncle Pera begins to dislike the children and grants them fewer liberties. At first, Uncle Pera forbids Janey to sleep with the mother. Eventually, the chi...

List of Metal Alloys by Base Metal

List of Metal Alloys by Base Metal An alloy is a material made by melting one or more metals together with other elements. This is an alphabetical list of alloys grouped according to the base metal of the alloy. Some alloys are listed under more than one element, since the composition of the alloy may vary such that one element is present in a higher concentration than the others. Aluminum Alloys AA-8000: used for building wireAl-Li (aluminum, lithium, sometimes mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Magnalium (aluminum, 5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Bismuth Alloys Woods metal (bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium)Rose metal (bismuth, lead, tin)Fields metalCerrobend Cobalt Alloys MegalliumStellite (cobalt, chromium, tungsten or molybdenum, carbon)Talonite (cobalt, chromium)Ultimet (cobalt, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, iron, tungsten)Vitallium Copper Alloys Arsenical copperBeryllium copper (copper, beryllium)Billon (copper, silver)Brass (copper, zinc)Calamine brass (copper, zinc)Chinese silver (copper, zinc)Dutch metal (copper, zinc)Gilding metal (copper, zinc)Muntz metal (copper, zinc)Pinchbeck (copper, zinc)Princes metal (copper, zinc)Tombac (copper, zinc)Bronze (copper, tin, aluminum or any other element)Aluminum bronze (copper, aluminum)Arsenical bronze (copper, arsenic)Bell metal (copper, tin)Florentine bronze (copper, aluminum or tin)Glucydur (beryllium, copper, iron)Guani ­n (likely a manganese bronze of copper, manganese, with iron sulfides and other sulfides)Gunmetal (copper, tin, zinc)Phosphor bronze (copper, tin, and phosphorus)Ormolu (Gilt Bronze) (copper, zinc)Speculum metal (copper, tin)Constantan (copper, nickel)Copper-tungsten (copper, tungsten)Corinthian bronze (copper, gold, silver)Cunife (copper, nickel, iron)Cupronickel (copper, nickel)Cymbal alloys (Bell metal) (copper, tin)Devardas alloy (copper, aluminum, zinc)E lectrum (copper, gold, silver) Hepatizon (copper, gold, silver)Heusler alloy (copper, manganese, tin)Manganin (copper, manganese, nickel)Nickel silver (copper, nickel)Nordic gold (copper, aluminum, zinc, tin)Shakudo (copper, gold)Tumbaga (copper, gold) Gallium Alloys Galinstan (gallium, indium, tin) Gold Alloys Electrum (gold, silver, copper)Tumbaga (gold, copper)Rose gold (gold, copper)White gold (gold, nickel, palladium, or platinum) Indium Alloys Fields metal (indium, bismuth, tin) Iron or Ferrous Alloys Steel (carbon)Stainless steel (chromium, nickel)AL-6XNAlloy 20CelestriumMarine grade stainlessMartensitic stainless steelSurgical stainless steel (chromium, molybdenum, nickel)Silicon steel (silicon)Tool steel (tungsten or manganese)Bulat steelChromoly (chromium, molybdenum)Crucible steelDamascus steelHSLA steelHigh speed steelMaraging steelReynolds 531Wootz steelIronAnthracite iron (carbon)Cast iron (carbon)Pig iron (carbon)Wrought iron (carbon)Fernico (nickel, cobalt)Elinvar (nickel, chromium)Invar (nickel)Kovar (cobalt)Spiegeleisen (manganese, carbon, silicon)FerroalloysFerroboronFerrochrome (chromium)FerromagnesiumFerromanganeseFerromolybdenumFerronickelFerrophosphorusFerrotitaniumFerrovanadiumFerrosilicon Lead Alloys Antimonial lead (lead, antimony)Molybdochalkos (lead, copper)Solder (lead, tin)Terne (lead, tin)Type metal (lead, tin, antimony) Magnesium Alloys Magnox (magnesium, aluminum)T-Mg-Al-Zn (Bergman phase)Elektron Mercury Alloys Amalgam (mercury with just about any metal except platinum) Nickel Alloys Alumel (nickel, manganese, aluminum, silicon)Chromel (nickel, chromium)Cupronickel (nickel, bronze, copper)German silver (nickel, copper, zinc)Hastelloy (nickel, molybdenum, chromium, sometimes tungsten)Inconel (nickel, chromium, iron)Monel metal (copper, nickel, iron, manganese)Mu-metal (nickel, iron)Ni-C (nickel, carbon)Nichrome (chromium, iron, nickel)Nicrosil (nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium)Nisil (nickel, silicon)Nitinol (nickel, titanium, shape memory alloy) Potassium Alloys KLi (potassium, lithium)NaK (sodium, potassium) Rare Earth Alloys Mischmetal (various rare earths) Silver Alloys Argentium sterling silver (silver, copper, germanium)Billon (copper or copper bronze, sometimes with silver)Britannia silver (silver, copper)Electrum (silver, gold)Goloid (silver, copper, gold)Platinum sterling (silver, platinum)Shibuichi (silver, copper)Sterling silver (silver, copper) Tin Alloys Britannium (tin, copper, antimony)Pewter (tin, lead, copper)Solder (tin, lead, antimony) Titanium Alloys Beta C (titanium, vanadium, chromium, other metals)6al-4v (titanium, aluminum, vanadium) Uranium Alloys Staballoy (depleted uranium with titanium or molybdenum)Uranium may also be alloyed with plutonium Zinc Alloys Brass (zinc, copper)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper) Zirconium Alloys Zircaloy (zirconium and tin, sometimes with niobium, chromium, iron, nickel)

Critically evaluate Direct payments in relation to Personalisation Essay

Critically evaluate Direct payments in relation to Personalisation - Essay Example When one has the power of choosing and the power of control, it will hence lead to the life of a person to be in the best state (Barron 2010, p.57). Moreover, due to pay down assists in the privatisation policy, many other critical factors are brought into the light. Factors such as trying to ensure a proper and global proximity to both the societal and services that are termed as free by the government are considered (Bornat 2008, p.67). Others such as the intervening and also the early processes of intervening, the growth and also the continuous producing of services in social societies, and also the sector that does involve social care, trying to improve the levels of access to vital information, and also the guidance of all persons, who do utilise this primary social care amenities. This is irrespective of how they are planned to get their funding, and achieving recognition and other supportive aspects of this field (Hazel 2011, p.34). Direct payments which in short form are termed as DPs, are payments in cash form, that are paid to a person, for which they are now able to manage and also make designs of customized help so as to be able to obtain their various needs that are pertain able to social care (Glasby 2009, p.23). Therefore, the channel that submits funds for direct payments, originates from the authorities locally. Even though direct payments have always been present since the year 1996, they are currently one of the many choices that persons who are hence availed for a personal budget (Rogowski 2010, p.87). It is hence evident and without argument that, the number of persons who utilise direct payments as a want, has with time grown constantly from 50 to 3373, from the years 2002 to the year 2008. It is also observable that, the numbers of persons who utilise direct payments, from the year 2007 to 2008, have increased in terms of per cent, roughly rising by 61%. This is indeed one of the largest

Black box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Black box - Essay Example Communities as well as families can be deeply affected by the death of a member. A black box is a device or theoretical constructs with proverbial or given characteristic input, output and data transfer methods that are unknown or such-and-such constituents and means of operation. It is a closed computer program and its implementation is "opaque", hence the term black box. Â  Today the boxes store data on memory chips and are painted bright orange in order to make them easier to find amid crash debris or on the bottom of the ocean. Needless to say, these devices are well protected with good safety meaures. For instance, they have been equipped with self-activated ultrasonic beams that broadcast the boxs position underwater for up to 30 days. Today, most black boxes, majority of which are being manufactured by L-3 Aviation Recorders, in Sarasota, Fla., are capable of recording more than 250 types of digital data, or parameters, per second, and store them all for 25 hours before writing over them. In addition, the latest models of black boxes can also store 180 minutes worth of conversation, as compared to the 30-minute recording capacity of its earlier counterparts. Both kinds of data are stored in stacked semiconductor dynamic RAM memory boards. The information recorded, the sampling rate, and the order in which the data are stored differ from each black box.The hardwares and softwares needed to read and analyze the data from a black box are provided by the manufacturers. At times, the manufacturers even send a representative from the company to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of data from a black box.They may have their work cut out for them if the box is dented, twisted under high heat, or has damaged cable interfaces. In such cases, they must rebuild the interfaces or find other ways to extract data from the wreckage. If the box is damaged, it can take weeks or months to

God-given attributes Essay Example for Free

God-given attributes Essay The 19th century held some of the very best traditions and practices the United States had. Yet, some of them today are not existent anymore due to the fact that the concept of the â€Å"American Dream† is slowly fading from the recesses of our very consciousness. If we are to examine the art of the late 19th century, we can observe that the paintings project an old fashioned way of American life, where people do what is right and honorable; a peaceful way of life. It is a life full of hopes and dreams that the American people will work and progress further together into the future. Each individual, as a free man, can do what he can with his God-given attributes. The concept of the â€Å"American Dream† has changed so much to the extent that the perception nowadays is that financial stability is the gauge of living this dream. Working parents are always scampering out of their homes in search of monetary gain, leaving their kids behind to care for themselves. This effectuates circumstances of broken homes, where children are neglected and not taught the honest ways of life; thus, they grow as individuals lacking good character traits. This eventually leads to the erosion of the American society; the breaking down of the social structure based on the â€Å"American Dream† concept. If we are to retain the things that make us good Americans, then we have to compromise with ourselves and with our fellow man for the benefit of everybody. Development is not at all bad; yet, we have to integrate some of the fine old-fashioned ways of the 19th century with that of the present in order to alleviate the effects brought upon by some of the destructive ways of present living.

International Trade Essay -- essays research papers

To export these goods you have to have an organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations. Such an international organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Result:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - is assurance -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. Heart of the system are the: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WTO’s agreements -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The agreements are negotiated and signed by governments. They have to be ratified in their parliaments. World Trade Organization (WTO) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  came into being in 1995 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deals with rules of trade between nations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the agreements are signed by the governments -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has more than 140 members and the top decision making body meets at least once every two years The 3 main purposes of WTO: - trade flow as freely as possible -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  means removing obstacles. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be â€Å"transparent† and predictable. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to serve as a forum for Trade negotiations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dispute settlement Trade relations often involve conflicting interests. Contracts and agreements often need interpreting. The best way to solve these differences is based on an agreed legal foundation. Principles of the trading system The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities. They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications, government purchases, industrial standards, food sanitation regulations, intellectual property, and much more. ... ...t, but it is no longer the main set of rules for international trade. And it has been updated. - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade always dealt with trade in goods, and it still does. It has been amended and incorporated into the new WTO agreements. -While GATT no longer exists as an international organization, the GATT agreement lives on. - The old text is now called â€Å"GATT 1947†. - The updated version is called â€Å"GATT 1994†. The main differences GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in members’ parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization. The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements, and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function. The WTO has â€Å"members†. GATT had â€Å"contracting parties†, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text. GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked. International Trade Essay -- essays research papers To export these goods you have to have an organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations. Such an international organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Result:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - is assurance -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. Heart of the system are the: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WTO’s agreements -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The agreements are negotiated and signed by governments. They have to be ratified in their parliaments. World Trade Organization (WTO) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  came into being in 1995 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deals with rules of trade between nations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the agreements are signed by the governments -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has more than 140 members and the top decision making body meets at least once every two years The 3 main purposes of WTO: - trade flow as freely as possible -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  means removing obstacles. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be â€Å"transparent† and predictable. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to serve as a forum for Trade negotiations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dispute settlement Trade relations often involve conflicting interests. Contracts and agreements often need interpreting. The best way to solve these differences is based on an agreed legal foundation. Principles of the trading system The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities. They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications, government purchases, industrial standards, food sanitation regulations, intellectual property, and much more. ... ...t, but it is no longer the main set of rules for international trade. And it has been updated. - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade always dealt with trade in goods, and it still does. It has been amended and incorporated into the new WTO agreements. -While GATT no longer exists as an international organization, the GATT agreement lives on. - The old text is now called â€Å"GATT 1947†. - The updated version is called â€Å"GATT 1994†. The main differences GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in members’ parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization. The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements, and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function. The WTO has â€Å"members†. GATT had â€Å"contracting parties†, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text. GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.

Database analysis of ‘my schools swimming club Essay

Background to the company For my GCSE project I have based on my school’s swimming club. The problems that we are facing in my club are the numbers of people are increasing by each year. It is located Wolverhampton, and about 80 members are in it. Cost 10 pounds a months. We have our regular training twice a week, from 4pm to 5pm. Most of our club members are woman and their age range are from 15 to 40. Competitions are held during the Christmas. For every victory in the competitions, disco party will be held, which will be free for club members. Details of the current system At the moment all information is kept on paper, and many files have been used store those data. Most of it was written by hand and the spaces in one sheet are limited. Information like name, date of birth and the address, gender, cost for each month, etc. Whenever someone new joins, leaves and change in address, we will re- update the data of our computer system again. The data will be all stored in a CD and also keep it outside of the club’s compound in case there is a fire. Problems with the current system Most of the data were been stored by paper and any thing might happen to it. Problems that you will face : can’t read handwriting, hard to find persons record, lost, mislaid, damaged, stolen, messy to edit, time consuming to write new card, what does she do with old records?, only one index, letters have to be written individually. Analysis What data needs to be entered by the user? We held our current data in paper, which held date like name, age, sex etc. What processing is required? The data will be required to store in the hard drive of the computer. Searches, quires, mail merge and also and pieces of data in order. What are the output requirements? Monitor and printers will be required The data will be updated when a new member enters or there is a change in the old member’s address. They will hold about 100 or 200 records. The main people who will go on this data will mostly be the receptionist or the club manager. We are going to use the stand alone system due to the amount of members we have got in our club. The data should be access straight away when there is someone waiting. What are the advantages or disadvantages of improving the current system, or introducing new paper base system? The advantages will be the new system will make our life much more better and quicker access to data. This allows us to save the amount of spaces and time. And the disadvantages will be when you forgot to save some data, when there is a power cut then all the data will be gone and will need to be retyped. What are the advantages or disadvantages of introducing a computer based system? I have decided to introduce a computer based system because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Specification Things that will be achieve: * The customer wouldn’t have to wait for long, about 5 seconds. * Making our life easier. * Update data quicker and easily. * Enable people to look up for information only if they have password. * More free space when you insert all your data onto the computer. If I can achieve all of the above my project will be a success. Flowchart First the application forms are printed out. The club’s members are asked to fill them up. The information is then transferred to the pc by typing in. After typing in the information, check if it is reasonable. If no, an error message will appear and you have to type in the information again into the pc. If yes, check it against the data with the form. If mistakes appear again then you have to type it up again. Type till there are no mistakes and save the data. Go to mail merge and print off letters to the members. Software and hardware In this section I’m going to recommend the hardware and software to my end user in a swimming club. Examples: Hard drive, Ram, Monitor, Processor, Printer, etc. Components Justification Processor-Mid Allows the computer to operate lots of files without a long delay or loading Hard drive- Small Data base and spreadsheet won’t take out much space, so I will not need lots of memory in my hard drive. Ram- 256mb Only a small amount is needed because most work will not take up a lot of spaces. Monitor- Mid flat screen So that is looks professional and easier to work from. CD- RW So that I can store more data and back ups for emergency, i.e. Fire, lost, wet. Components Reason for choosing them Intel Pentium M processor 740 (1.73GHz, 2Mb L2 Cache, 533MHz FSB) Data can be operates quicker. Hitachi 60GB- Hard drive So data can be stored without any worries for spaces. Ram- 512MB DDR SDRAM Bigger memory for storing data. Monitor- 17.0 Ultra Sharp Wide Screen XGA (1440* 900) TFT Sharp It will not strain your eyes easily.

Critical Analysis of the Methodology Used by Barba-Briosco et al. in Their Study of Pollutants in the Huelva Estuary, Spain

Introduction This paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology used by Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their study about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary, Spain. It discusses the extent to which this methodology has enabled the authors to achieve their aims and objectives, focusing on whether one could be confident with the quality of the data provided. It also tackles whether there are any areas in which the methodology could be improved. Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) studied major ions, nutrients, pesticides, etc. in human development-impacted coastal wetland of Huelva Estuary. The hydrodynamics of the area has been modified by previous land use, which led to the division of the ecosystem into a tideland and an artificial freshwater basin. The Huelva Estuary, which is polluted by mine, causes the flooding of the tideland stretch, which occurs twice a day. Acid discharges are also collected in the tidal channel from industrial point sources that play a part in metal enhancement. The tidal situation in Huelva Estuary has an important contribution to the transport of pollutants except for the artificial basin exhibiting cyclic mineralisation pattern. Barba-Brioso et al.’s Methodology The authors initially adopted sampling of the tideland zone in order to take into account the impacts of tidal regimes, in which nine samples were taken for high tide and twelve for low tide. A Zodiac boat was used to access the sampling site. The cyclic freshwater variations were examined by taking water samples of 1-20 cm in lacustrine zone whereby five were collected during winter and three during summer. Additionally, the study collected three samples of running water in summer and five in winter which were taken from open pipes and tributary streams. Field constraints caused an imbalance to the sampling design. The methodology also adopted several specific studies for the reference of general procedures in taking the water samples, which is considered the strength of the methodology since it sought evidence-based practice to utilising the selected procedure. Ion chromatography was also used to determine sulfate, nitrate, and bromide concentrations, amongst others. Critical Analysis of the Methodology The measurement used in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study is rather intricate and highly systematic, as the research itself is objective, quantitative, and is assumed to be statistically valid, as quantitative research must be (Bamberger, 2000; Bower, 2005). The methodology is able to address the primary objective of ascertaining how the concentration of pollutants is influenced by tidal and cyclical regimes in Huelva Estuary. This is demonstrated in the manner by which sampling was chosen, specifically the 9 samples for high tide and twelve for low tide, so that the impacts of tidal regime may be considered. The same was done for the cyclical regimes, in which the same sampling pattern for water was collected. This paved the way to addressing the research objective being mentioned. The adoption of intricate methods for the data in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study is similar in extent as other studies citing it, such as Zhang et al. (2011) and Guillen et al. (2012). The adoption of the experimental method in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to examine the research problem is harmonious with its use of basic descriptive statistics of element concentrations and other elements in the wetland. The use of Merck 1000 ppm and bicarbonate determination indicate its pursuit for accurate generation of results relating to water and wastewater examination. The objectivity of the study is also shown in its triplicate measurement of the samples, with the representative value (mean) having achieved specific percentage accuracy. Barba- Brioso and colleagues also cited other authors in their calculation of the instrumental detection limit, which is suggestive of their stance to provide evidence to the relevance and applicability of the method to their study. It only means that the authors wanted to back up their use of such method through other studies utilising the same. Moreover, the objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was addressed in the study by tackling hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, in basic descriptive statistics organised based on tidal and cyclical conditions that took place at the time when sampling was carried out. This allowed the analysis of the estuarine waters to find slight alkaline content alongside local recording of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide periods. The objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was also addressed by an identification of the wide variation in the mean pH values in the lacustrine wetland, which is higher during winter (8.4) than during summer (7.5). In addition, the methodology used a Piper diagram to plot the hydrochemical data, bearing dissolved prime cations and anions, which then exhibited two major water types in the wetland, specifically sodium chloride sulfate and a mixture of cal cium, magnesium, and sulfate-chloride. The Piper diagram has been used also in other studies depicting similar direction as that of this study, such as in the studies of Adams et al. (2001), Cloutier et al. (2008), and Van den Boogaart and Tolosana-Delgado (2008). The procedure in Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) revealed greater concentrations of nitrate distribution during low tide, which increases in the upstream route as well as detected the highest levels of nitrate and phosphate in small streams. It may thus be inferred that these data emanating from the methodology, enabled Barba- Brioso et al. to address the second objective, which again is to detect anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Such objective was also addressed by the methodology’s stance to determine Ca and Mg concentrations through atomic absorption spectroscopy as well as atomic emission spectroscopy to determine K and NA. The application of SPE and HPLC procedures in quantifying all the studied pesticides was also congruent with the objective of identifying the various sources of pollution by apportionment procedures. In the same manner, the methods being carried out alongside this (e.g. use of water and methanol to condition the cartridge, etc.) app arently supported the study’s intention to tackle the objective of identifying anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Furthermore, to determine trace elements, the methodology used measurements of iron elevated contents at the convergence of the Tinto River and the Tidal channel. Citing the methodology In the study of Guillen et al. (2012), the authors did not use the same methods as Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their (Guillen et al., 2012) attempt to find out trace elements’ mobility through the modified BCR sequential extraction method. Rather, atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy were utilised by Barba- Brioso et al. (2010). Mass spectroscopy with plasma of inductive couple carried out the analyses of dissolved trace elements in Barba- Brioso and colleagues’ study. The pursuit of the method to derive the expected precision was seen in an attempt to correct for any drift during the analysis through the measurement of certified reference material, thereby producing the range of a specific mean precision for all the analyses and a particular detection limit optimisation for all the trace elements being analysed.The apportionment methods also allowed different potentially toxic elements to be distributed on a closely parallel manner with the pattern of major cations and anions, in which a declining upstream trend was depicted during both high and low tides. The method used enabled the study to determine the sources of pollution in the Domingo Rubio wetland in Tideland area and overall wetland. The manner of data collection was highly scientific and accuracy-specific, as the study intended to investigate the major ions and trace elements as well as the pesticide distribution in the coastal wetland. The passing of the replicates of water sample through the equivalent cartridges at a specific flow rate was also indicative of an aim to ascertain pesticide distribution, which was linked to an objective of identifying the various sources of pollution in Domingo Rubio. It may also be observed that the analytical methods concerning anions and nutrients in which Merck 1000 ppm and Standard Methods were used to examine water and wastewater were parallel to the objectives of determining hydrochemical anomalies and various sources of pollution in the wetland. It may therefore be claimed that the extent to which the methodology has enabled the investigators to meet the stated aims and objectives is sufficient enough. Further, the quality of the data being provided was something to be confident about. The authors enumerated the analytical methods and procedures one by one, strongly focusing on the details of these procedures, including the elements being examined. They also used a table on which to organise the data, clear enough for the reader to understand them. The high confidence level of the data being presented is indicative of how they were analysed in the results section, in which the parameters of water quality were summarised and compared, alongside the samples’ chemical composition. In this regard, the study is able to pinpoint that the tidal channel is characterised by slight alkaline content, describing its pH mean values during low tide and high tide, and that there is the presence of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide. This specific analysis was enabled by the kind of data being gathered and the manner through which to analyse them. In addition, the methodology paved the way for the result to conclude that the water samples being examined were oxidising. Similarly, it was able to point out that the most acidic water had the higher Eh values, leading to a deviation from the common pattern demonstrated by the dominant waters in the wetland. The results also revealed the existence of the effect of tidal interaction through the way the data were used to examine the gradual decline of the electrical conductivity in the upstream route. The data also allowed identifying the period when the maximum value was recorded. The study’s depiction of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams across the agricultural areas is parallel to its objective to find out the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. An interesting point to mention is the fact that Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study was cited by Haarstad et al. (2011) in their investigation of pollutants in natural wetla nds and the latter also used the experimental design, enabling the authors to identify the pesticides found and identify toxic heavy metals. An experimental design – with a different statistical approach – was also utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study on the application of the life cycle impact assessment to the Domingo Rubio tidal structure. With the above discussion, it is thereby concluded that there are no more areas in which the methodology could be improved as it was able to cover all the necessary aspects deemed to be achieved by the objectives. Conclusion This paper has been focused on analysing critically the methodology adopted in the study of Barba-Brioso et al. (2010), which is about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary. This work is able to pinpoint the extent to which the methodology has allowed the aims and objectives to be addressed in their entirety. Sampling for both high tide and low tide was utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to consider the impacts of tidal regimes, in which water samples were taken during winter and summer. A highly systematic and intricate methodology was adopted, considering that the study itself was quantitative where objectivity and statistical validity were highly considered. The study’s adoption of the experimental method is consistent with the use of basic descriptive statistics that allowed examining the concentrations of elements in the wetland. It also utilised hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, as a way to contribute to addressing its objective to identify hydrochemical irregularities. With the study’s identification of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams, it likewise tackled the objective of recognising the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. The conclusion thus generated is that the methodology was able to cover all areas and that there were none left to be improved because of this. References Adams, S., Titus, R., Pietersen, K., Tredoux, G., and Harris, C. (2001) Hyrdochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 241 (1-2), 91-103. Bamberger, M. (2000) Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Development Projects. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Barba-Brioso, C., Fernandez-Caliani, J. C., Miras, A., Cornejo, J., and Galan, E. (2010) Multi-source water pollution in a highly anthrropized wetland system associated with the estuary of Huelva (SW Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(1), 1259-1269. Barba-Brioso, C., Quaranta, G., Galan, E., Fernandez, J. C., and Miras, A. (2010) The life cycle impact assessment applied to the Domingo Rubio tidal system by the study of seasonal variations of the aquatic eutrophication potential. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (23), 5897-5902. Bower, M. (2005) Psychoanalytic Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking under Fire. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Cloutier, V., Lefebve, R., Therrien, R., and Savard, M. M. (2008) Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data as indicative of the hyrochemical evolution of groundwater in a sedimentary rock aquifer system. Journal of Hydrology, 353 (3-4), 294-313. Guillen, M. T., Delgado, J., Albanese, S., Nieto, J. M., Lima, A., and De Vivo, B. (2012) Heavy metals fractionation and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate the environmental risk in soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 119-120 (1), 32-43. Haarstad, K., Bavor, H. J., and Maehlum, T. (2011) Organic and metallic pollutants in water treatment and natural wetlands: A review. Water Science & Technology, 65 (1), 76-99. Van den Boogaart . K. G. and Tolosana-Delgado, R. (2008) Compositions: A unified R package to analyze compositional data. Computers & Geosciences, 34 (4), 320-338.

The Age of Reason - Review and Summary

The Age of Reason - Review and Summary The Bottom Line If The Age of Reasons creates controversy today, imagine what readers must have thought at the time the work first appeared! Still, the work was a bestseller in America, and an important representative work from the time period. Pros Presented in a clear, straightforward style (accessible)Drawn from intellectual masters: Voltaire, Hume Spinoza (along w/other influences) Cons Mocks/ridicules religiosity (may be offensive to some readers) Description A deistic pamphletWritten by 18th-century British radical, Thomas PainePublished in 3 partsin 1794, 1795 1804 Guide Review - The Age of Reason Summary Thomas Paine is often associated with the American Revolution, because of his pamphlets; but The Age of Reason is still controversial (and has been banned) for its criticism of established religion and its challenge to the Bible. After reading The Age of Reason in 1757, Benjamin Franklin famously wrote: I would advise you... not to attempt unchaining the Tyger, but to burn this Piece before it is seen by any other Person, whereby you will save yourself a great deal of Mortification from the Enemies it may raise against you, and perhaps a good deal of Regret and Repentance. If Men are so wicked as we now see them with Religion what would they be if without it? Despite the controversy (and the many irate responses) that the pamphlet inspired, The Age of Reasons was a popular in Americathe work struck a chord. It appears to have inspired deep-rooted passionsit brought punishment and imprisonment to those associated with the early publishing history. Study Guide SummaryThe Age of Reason QuotesThe Age of Reason Questions for Study and DiscussionA Letter to a Friend Regarding The Age of Reason

An Overview of Sanctuary Cities

An Overview of Sanctuary Cities While the term has no specific legal definition, a â€Å"sanctuary city† in the United States is a city or county in which undocumented immigrants are protected from deportation or prosecution for violations of U.S. federal immigration laws. In both a legal and practical sense, â€Å"sanctuary city† is a rather vague and informal term. It can, for example, indicate that the city has actually enacted laws that restrict what their police and other employees are allowed to do during encounters with undocumented immigrants. On the other hand, the term has also been applied to cities like Houston, Texas, which calls itself a â€Å"welcoming city† to undocumented immigrants but have no specific laws regarding enforcement of federal immigration laws.   In an example of a states’ rights conflict arising from the U.S. system of federalism, sanctuary cities refuse to use any local funds or police resources to enforce the national government’s immigration laws. Police or other municipal employees in sanctuary cities are not allowed to ask a person about their immigration, naturalization, or citizenship status for any reason. In addition, sanctuary city policies forbid police and other city employees from notifying federal immigration enforcement officers of the presence of undocumented immigrants living in or passing through the community. Due to its limited resources and the scope of the immigration enforcement job, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) must rely on local police to help enforce federal immigration laws. However, federal law does not require local police to locate and detain undocumented immigrants just because ICE requests they do so. Sanctuary city policies and practices may be established by local laws, ordinances or resolutions, or simply by practice or custom. In September 2015, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency estimated that about 300 jurisdictionss of large U.S. cities with sanctuary laws or practices include San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Boston, Detroit, Seattle, and Miami. U.S. â€Å"sanctuary cities† should not be confused with â€Å"cities of sanctuary† in the United Kingdom and Ireland that apply local policies of welcoming and encouraging the presence of refugees, asylum seekers, and others seeking safety from political or religious persecution in  their countries of origin. Brief History of Sanctuary Cities The concept of sanctuary cities is far from new. The Old Testament’s Book of Numbers speaks of six cities in which persons who had committed murder or manslaughter were allowed to claim asylum. From 600 CE until 1621 C.E., all churches in England were allowed to grant sanctuary to criminals and some cities were designated as criminal and political sanctuaries by Royal charter.   In the United States, cities and counties began adopting immigrant sanctuary policies in the late 1970s. In 1979, the Los Angeles police department adopted an internal policy known as â€Å"Special Order 40,† which stated, Officers shall not initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person. Officers shall not arrest nor book persons for violation of title 8, section 1325 of the United States Immigration code (Illegal Entry).† Political and Legislative Actions on Sanctuary Cities As the number of sanctuary cities grew over the next two decades, both the federal and state governments began taking legislative actions to require full enforcement of federal immigration laws.   On September 30, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressing the relationship between the federal government and local governments. The law focuses on illegal immigration reform and includes some of the toughest measures ever taken against illegal immigration. Aspects considered in the law include border enforcement, penalties for alien smuggling and document fraud, deportation and exclusion proceedings, employer sanctions, welfare provisions, and changes to existing refugee and asylum procedures. In addition, the law prohibits cities from banning municipal workers for reporting persons immigration status to federal authorities. A section of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 allows local police agencies to obtain training in the  enforcement of federal immigration laws. However, it fails to provide state and local law enforcement agencies with any general powers for immigration enforcement. Some States Oppose Sanctuary Cities Even in some states housing sanctuary or sanctuary-like cities and counties, legislatures and governors have taken steps to ban them.In May 2009, Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue signed state Senate Bill 269, a law prohibiting Georgia cities and counties from adopting sanctuary city policies. In June 2009, Tennessee’s Governor Phil Bredesen signed state Senate Bill 1310 banning local governments from enacting sanctuary city ordinances or policies. In June 2011, Texas Governor Rick Perry called a special session of the state legislature to consider state Senate Bill 9, a proposed law banning sanctuary cities. While public hearings on the bill were held before the Texas Senate’s Transportation and Homeland Security Committee, it was never considered by the full Texas legislature. In January 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott threatened to oust any local officials who promoted sanctuary city laws or policies. â€Å"We are working on laws that will ... ban sanctuary cities [and] remove from office any officer-holder who promotes sanctuary cities,† stated Gov. Abbott. President Trump Takes Action On January 25, 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled â€Å"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,† which, in part, directed the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to withhold funding in the form of federal grants from sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. Specifically, Section 8 (a) of the executive order states, â€Å"In furtherance of this policy, the Attorney General and the Secretary, in their discretion and to the extent consistent with law, shall ensure that jurisdictions that willfully refuse to comply with 8 U.S.C. 1373 (sanctuary jurisdictions) are not eligible to receive Federal grants, except as deemed necessary for law enforcement purposes by the Attorney General or the Secretary.† In addition, the order directed the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include â€Å"a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens.† Sanctuary Jurisdictions Dig In Sanctuary jurisdictions wasted no time in reacting to President Trump’s action. In his State of the State address, California’s Governor Jerry Brown vowed to defy President Trump’s action. â€Å"I recognize that under the Constitution, federal law is supreme and that Washington determines immigration policy,† stated Gov. Brown. â€Å"But as a state, we can and have had a role to play †¦ And let me be clear: we will defend everybody - every man, woman, and child - who has come here for a better life and has contributed to the well-being of our state.† Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel has pledged $1 million in city funds to create a legal defense fund for immigrants threatened with prosecution due to President Trump’s order. â€Å"Chicago has in the past been a sanctuary city. ... It always will be a sanctuary city,† said the mayor. On January 27, 2017, Salt Lake City Mayor Ben McAdams stated he would refuse to enforce President Trump’s order. â€Å"There has been fear and uncertainty among our refugee population the last few days,† McAdams said. â€Å"We want to reassure them that we love them and their presence is an important part of our identity. Their presence makes us better, stronger and richer.† In Tragic 2015 Shooting, Sanctuary Cities Stir Debate The tragic July 1, 2015 shooting death of Kate Steinle thrust sanctuary city laws into the center of controversy. While visiting San Francisco’s Pier 14, the 32-year old Steinle was killed by a single bullet fired from a pistol admittedly held at the time by Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, an undocumented immigrant. Garcia Zarate, a citizen of Mexico, had been deported several times and had been convicted for illegal re-entry into the United States. Days before the shooting, he had been released from a San Francisco jail after a minor drug charge against him was dismissed. Although U.S. immigration officials had issued an order that police detain him, Garcia Zarate was released him under San Francisco’s sanctuary city laws. The uproar over sanctuary cities grew on December 1, 2017, when a jury acquitted Garcia Zarate of charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, finding him guilty only of illegally possessing a fire arm. In his trial, Garcia Zarate claimed he had just found the gun and that the shooting of Steinle had been an accident. In acquitting him, the jury found reasonable doubt in Garcia Zarate’s accidental shooting claim, and under the Constitution’s guarantee of â€Å"due process of law,† guarantee, his criminal record, history of prior convictions, and immigration status were not allowed to be presented as evidence against him.   Critics of permissive immigration laws reacted to the case by complaining that sanctuary city laws too often allow dangerous, criminal illegal immigrants to remain on the streets.

Orange is the New Black Analysis Response Paper Essay

Orange is the New Black Analysis Response Paper - Essay Example en comparing this to John Ann’s book on Discourse Communities and Communities of Practice: Membership, Conflict, and Diversity, discourse communities have unique ways in which they operate and one needed not to join the community in order to participate in it. He talked about how conflict can arise from such a community and how authority can be used to solve such conflicts. Just like in jail people who join particular discourse communities are brought together by the fact that they have things in common such as language, basis of sharing things in common such as sharing participation, and sharing expectations. As people who come to prisons are people from diverse culture, races and origin, these people belong to a discourse society which they find themselves in, hence, with time, adopts to the particular cultures, religion and behaviors of the new discourse society. In these discourse communities formed, just like a formed social website, there are new things that go viral ver y fast. News that gathered from one part of the community does not take long before it spreads to the whole community. As John puts it, discourse communities have ways of controlling their numbers around the globe. First, they have the same language and way of communication. They have a way of obtaining membership, hence can easily control their numbers in the world. They therefore communicate very efficiently to one another. There are times that we find ourselves in certain communities without our influence. For instance, when I find myself born amidst people who are not my tribe mates, different races, different cultures and religion. I will have to cope up to the situation as I adapt to the new changes in life. I will therefore consider that community as my discourse community. However, some discourse communities are by choice, such as that going to jail, joining a social website,

Economics of the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of the UAE - Research Paper Example According to the estimation made in July’2012, the total population of the nation stood at 5,314,317. The majority of the population belonging to the UAE has been viewed to be the Muslims, apart from other religious groupings such as Hindus and Sikhs. The currency of the country has been recognized to be Emirati Dirham and Arabic is regarded as its official language. Apart from Arabic language, the other languages that prevail in the UAE include English, Urdu, Persian and Hindi. Most importantly, the country emphasizes upon educating both men along with women and is making considerable investments in this particular sector. The UAE government is a federal one that is structured with specified legal powers (The Cultural Division of the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, â€Å"UAE Facts in Brief†). The UAE possess an open sort of economy bearing a high ‘per capita income’ along with a large yearly trade surplus. The country has undergone a deep transformation from the region of arid desert to a modern state since the detection of oil in the country. With this detection, the living standards of people of the UAE had raised by a significant level. It has been viewed that the government of the UAE has enlarged its spending in two significant arenas that include infrastructure development and job creation with the intention of enhancing the economy of the country at large. The various decisive factors such as the worldwide financial crisis, deflated prices of the assets and the tight international credit contributed in constricting the economy of the UAE in the year 2009. The different industries that prevail in the UAE which comprise petrochemicals, transport, real estate, pharmaceuticals, cement, aluminum and ceramics among others considerably affect the economy of the country by a greater extent. With regard to assess the economic condition of the UAE, it has been observed

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Compare and contrast - Essay Example These policies try to block expansion of the Soviet Power and expose falsities of it and to induce a retraction of Kremlins control and foster seeds of destruction in the Soviet System. These policies give power to US where it has military strength. Containment policy maintains strong military power that guarantees the national security and conduct of the policy of containment.2 The link suggests that the policies of containment is not implemented properly It has made the country to be in diplomatic impasse with the Soviet Union. The US states that they have the capabilities in economic and military fields and the political and psychological fields. The citizens of US believe that with the principle of freedom, importance of the individual and tolerance and are more vital than the ideology of the Soviet dynamism.3 It analyzes that the American democracy has a degree of unity where the society is cohesive than the Soviet system that is created through force, favor and fear. This means that chances of revolution are less than in the Soviet system. This creates potential for force in international relations where the tolerance for a world outlook has enormous influence. The second link The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State talk about that how the Cold War disrupted the global affairs and divided the 20th-century history.4 It states that Soviet Socialist Realism is disconnected from dominant narratives and discredited by Soviet systems. It is deemed to have represented the cultural context at the place of time. It therefore functioned as a state apparatus that responded to political and historical realities that guide military and economic initiatives in the Soviet Union. Kennan’s long-term article written in 1946 gave an incisive annalistic of the Soviet outlooks where it gave the convictions of the Soviet Union ideology of its policy. The Soviet Socialist Realism related first, with

The importance of the work of Kipling

The importance of the work of Kipling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am honoured to have come here today as a keynote speaker to present to you the new poetry anthology, titled ?The Spirit of the Ages?. As many of you ask, what is this anthology about, and what does it have to do with the spirit of the ages? To address that question, I have picked a poet, Rudyard Kipling, and his poem ?The White Man?s Burden? as an example to discuss the significance of their inclusion of this anthology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the importance of the work of Kipling, we must first understand the world that he lived in, that he captured the very essence of his age in. He was born in India in 1865 during the British Empire. Although he was educated in England, he considered himself an ?Anglo-Indian?, a term for those born in India under British rule. This type of imperialism, confusion of identity and national allegiance would become prominent motifs in his poetry. During his life, Britain was unchallenged in massing countries under the British Empire, and evident in Kipling?s poems, his belief was that it was the empires? duty to act as a global law force. Kipling?s only son died during 1915, during the early stages of World War One. This tragedy in his life led him to write revolutionary poetry based on his ideologies, not based on the glory and honour of war, which was trend, but about the common soldiers in trenches fighting for survival, depicting the reality of war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chosen poem, ?The White Man?s Burden? is an excellent example of how Kipling takes a snapshot of his time and instills it into future generations. Although many will find the racial prejudice repugnant, be aware that during the late 19th century this was considered the social norm. This poem in itself can be considered an artifact for which we can relate to the social, emotional and personal reflections of Kipling, by gaining an insight into his world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem was the original poem Kipling planned to write for Queen Victoria?s Diamond Jubilee, however was substituted with another poem, ?Recessional?. Instead, with the subtitle ?The United States and the Philipine Islands?, it was published in 1899 in American magazine McClure?s as a response to the American controlled Philipines which were taken after the Spanish-American War. The poem was Kipling?s warning that likened imperialism to an unsupported goldmine, able to gain many riches, but at the same instant could collapse and destroy many. This controversial poem lit the fuse of the debate of whether the Empire was beneficial or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem?s title was embraced by the colonists in America, and ?The White Man?s Burden? almost became a slogan. They decided to ignore the warnings of Kipling blatantly transcribed in the poem, and instead it became a near anthem for those who wished to justify imperialism. The title was also a common phrase in everyday use, for example, an advert titled ?The White Man?s Poem?, no doubt inspired from the poem itself, was published to be aimed at white people ?burdening? themselves to teach those of other races the importance of hygiene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For what reasons did Kipling write the poem? Some conclude that Kipling had a very Eurocentric view of the world. This meant the style he wrote in mirrored society?s outlook on the rest of the world. Lines such as ?Your new-caught, sullen peoples/Half-devil and half-child?, showed that those of a non-European education and beliefs are thought of as insignificant savages. Along with the title, it proposes that white people have the ?burden?, a word with negative connotations, to control the lives of these ?simpletons? and teach them the ?proper? ethnic and cultural Western ways. Since the debut of the poem, the term ?the white man?s burden? has been interpreted as a racist phrase. It shows the prevailing ?philanthropic view? common in society in which that period the wealthy were morally obliged to assist the less fortunate in improving life to their predefined standards, regardless of if those helped needed or wanted it in the first place. This view of Kipling?s p oem certainly explained the dominant mindset which allowed colonialism at that time to flourish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An opposing view of this is the argument that Kipling?s writing was satirical. Kipling did have a history of writing satire. The book A companion to Victorian Poetry states: ?imperial sensibilities with wry irony and skepticism, viewing all human endeavors as ultimately transitory?. There is much evidence present in the poem to suggest so. Seemingly, conditions to make our race content have not changed from the 19th century to the 21st. ?Take up the White Mans burden/And reap his old reward/The blame of those ye better/The hate of those ye guard/The cry of hosts ye humour?, showing that by capturing and enslaving them, the colonists are forcing the natives to face the hate, cruelty and loneliness that comes with Western society. The white man?s burden is this time used as a reflection on the burden of being a white man, rather than the white man?s obligation to teach those who are not white. This interpretation is of Kipling sighing about the complexity of being white and would rather prefer to be a part of a simpler society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps both interpretations are right. For one, the horrors and pains that intruded into those within the colony?s lives are written down for all to see. Nevertheless, Kipling was regarded as a very pro-imperialist believer, but amazingly was not ignorant of the ugly side of imperialism?s twin headed face. Writer John Derbyshire described Kipling as ?an imperialist utterly without illusions about what being an imperialist actually means. This, in some ways, means that he was not really an imperialist at all.? Only with this reverent belief of imperialism, yet a clear understanding of the shortcomings of such a concept put into reality is what makes Kipling the optimal candidate of this anthology, as he is able to simulate in our minds two century later the social, moral, and historical happenings of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spirit of ages is defined by what one?s interpretation of the spirit of the ages. To be able to reflect those feelings, thoughts, and beliefs experienced in his life in a poem is no easy feat, but Kipling has successfully done so and showed us a word painting of what it felt like to be alive at that time.

The Use of Symbols in Adrienne Richs Poem, Aunt Jennifers Tigers Essa

The Use of Symbols in Adrienne Rich's Poem, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers Freedom has always been an important value in the United States that most people are not willing to give up. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a writer who lived in the 1800s, reminded Americans of their rights of liberty at a time when many people started to conform to established norms. He voiced his opinions about the loss of freedom and invited society to realize that they were relinquishing their rights. Years later, his views still had an impact on citizens. Adrienne Rich, a poet of the mid-1900s, also found her autonomy a necessity in life. She wrote a poem in 1951 called "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers," which exhibited her opinions about living a life of reliance on others. The poem illustrates a woman sewing a scene of tigers roaming through a field, whose hands are weighed down by the heavy wedding band that she wears. Rich uses the symbols of the ring and the tigers to convey her belief in Emerson's ideas of self-reliance. An Emerson-influenced world would be one without interdependence, as his principles of self-reliance would be employed. In the 1800s, the American "government and literary movement . . . were calling for conformity" (Loving). During this time, Ralph Waldo Emerson decided to express his disagreement with the movement by publishing "Self Reliance" in 1841, which explained his ideas of the importance of personal independence. He states, "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself," illustrating his negative view of relying on others (Loving). His audience, the Americans, grew to agree with his individualistic concepts, leading focus from conformity in society. Throughout her life, Rich's experiences led her to wish for more independence. In her marr... ...ctly what Rich discovered through her experiences, primarily from her marriage. The freedom of each person to live as they wish to live is a common value between the two writers. Rich uses the two different symbols in order to express her negative feelings about dependence. By showing her dislike toward the control that one may have over another, she implies her agreement with Emerson's established principles of self-sufficiency. Works Cited Litlinks. www.smpcollege.com/litlinks/poetry/rich.htm. Bedford/St.Martin's. March 28, 2000. Loving, Tim. "What If Aunt Jennifer Had Listened?: Responding With Consequence". www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~nick/evans/firstpapers/tlovingpaper.html. March 28, 2000. Rich, Adrienne. "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers". Discovering Literature Stories, Poems, Plays. 2nd ed. Hans P. Guth and Gabriele L. Rico. Upper Saddle River: Blair. 1997. 590

Bosch India

Submitted by Group E 12: Simon Mohsin Jonas Noel Surojeet Bosch India Bosch is a leading supplier of technology and services in the areas of automotive and industrial technology, consumer goods and building technology in India. The Bosch Group operates in India through six companies, viz, Bosch Limited, Bosch Chassis Systems India Limited, Bosch Rexroth India Limited, Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions Limited, Bosch Automotive Electronics India Pvt Ltd, Bosch Electrical Drives India Pvt Ltd.In India, Bosch set up its manufacturing operation in 1953, which has grown over the years to include 13 manufacturing sites and seven development and application centres. The Bosch Group in India employs over 25,000 associates. In India, it generated consolidated revenue of over Rs. 11,300 crores in 2011. Bosch Limited is the flagship company of the Bosch Group in India. It earned revenue of over Rs. 8000 crores in 2011. The business sectors of Bosch include Automotive technology, I ndustrial technology, Consumer Goods and Building Technology, and Engineering and IT services.Vision: Creating Value, Sharing Values. Mission: To improve the quality of life with Bosch products and enabling customers by maximizing value as an offshore partner in technology and business solutions. ENVIRONMENT SCANNING Competitive structure of industry The Auto Components sector in India registered a strong growth rate of 36. 3% as compared  to 30. 6% growth rate in FY’2010. The revenue growth in the domestic automotive component market can be attributed to the reduction in excise duties on certain  vehicles and the grant of 100% foreign investment in the component sector.However, poor market sentiments, increased food & fuel prices and interest rates took their toll, what with the sale of passenger cars in October 2011 falling to the lowest in two years forcing the industry to slash forward looking forecasts. The widening price differential between petrol and diesel ha s further favoured the demand for diesel cars. This notwithstanding, OEMs continued to launch new models in all market segments especially passenger cars.Overall, the automotive sector was able to sustain double digit growth aided by a solid performance in the first half of the year 2011 and partially aided by stable rural demand. Factors affecting the Industry: Economic: * The auto ancillary industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors in the Indian economy. It has a CAGR of 24% over the last 5 years. It had a sale of Rs 1600 billion in the year 2010-11. * Capacity utilisation rates of the auto ancillary sector as a  whole decreased significantly in light of  reduced exports and  slowdown in the domestic markets. The industry players had to grapple with the issues of extreme volatility in rupee and input cost and as a consequence, tremendous pressure was witnessed on margins. * In terms of international trade, the auto components industry grew rapidly in both exports and imports over last 5 years. Political: * The government has taken many  initiatives to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) in  the industry. * Automatic approval for foreign equity investment upto 100% of manufacture of automobiles and components is permitted. * The automobile industry has been  de-licensed. There are no restraints on import of components. * To identify the necessary activities, the DHI (Development of Heavy Industries) has setup the Development Council for Automotive and Allied Industries (DCAAI) * The Governments infrastructure initiatives such as  the Golden Quadrilateral project and NHDP (National Highway Development Program) also  have an  indirect favorable effect on the industry. Technological: The auto components industry is a very technology-intensive industry. Historically, India’s strength in exports has lied in forgings, castings and plastics.But this is changing with more component manufactures investing in up gradation of tech nology in recent years. The organised sector has increased focus on quality and has been recommended setting up of an auto design centre at National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmadabad. The DHI has recommended the creation of a Rs 1000 crore modernization/automotive development. ACMA has also spoken about a similar fund. Social: Social environment is intrinsically linked with automobile sector and has changed the demand to the tune of preferences of customers in major way. 1.Business is booming as  the Indian middle class is  increasing its consumption. 2. The increased focus on environment sector has also resulted in companies researching in developing parts to use energy efficiently and reduce carbon emissions. 3. Also more and more companies are getting ISO 14001 certification (Environment Management System). 4. Entry of global players has also necessitated a change in the organisation culture. Competitive position of Bosch India Core Competencies: Bosch core competency revo lves around developing high class innovative products and achieving cost leadership.For that it invests heavily in R&D and focus on a lean efficient system in highly competitive environment of auto component sector. With investments in R&D, Bosch is able to focus more on cleaner and economical product. Also with economies of scale and skilled, educated workforce of India, it is able to reduce cost. 1. High Market Share: With a market share of almost 95%, it has a virtual monopoly in the Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment. 2. Technological competencies: a. Manufactures modern gasoline and diesel engine systems of high quality, cleaner and economical. . Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) has been the core business of Bosch Ltd. , right from its inception in 1951. c. Today  MICO (Motor Industries Co. Ltd. , a Bosch company) continues to be a supplier of FIE to a majority of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) with a market share of over 81%. d. MICO  has also earned a p lace for itself, in the Bosch world, where it has been identified as Center of Competence for Single Cylinder pumps, Multi-Cylinder Inline (‘A'  and ‘P† type) and Distributor pumps (Mechanical and Electronic type). 3.Alternative Energy: MICO Bosch is moving towards energies such as electricity while also improving existing power train technologies, including diesel systems, gasoline direct injection and hybrids to reduce the energy from conventional resources. It has also taken up bio diesel and CNG technologies to address energy challenges. 4. Service: In India 50 per cent of Bosch’s current business is accounted for by the diesel segment. Bosch positions itself as a one-stop shop for sales and service and to make available the entire range of products to those who come for service.Bosch is expanding the product range in this business by bringing some of its global technology products into India. It is also planning to manufacture some of these products i n India. A CORE COMPETENCY CENTRE has been created in the country to manufacture these equipments in the MICO production complex. 5. Quality: MICO Bosch has ISO Certified Quality Management System. Certified Locations are MICO, Incorporated; MICO Europe ltd. and MICO Mexico. Sources of Competitive Advantage: 1. The company is highly centralised by the headquarters in Germany. The headquarters keeps things firmly under control.Strategic departments such as Research and Development, Corporate Identity, Production, Purchase and External affairs are based in Stuttgart and dictated to the worldwide subsidiaries. Decentralised are only operational departments like Personnel, Sales or Accounting. Furthermore, decisions given to responsibility of subsidiaries are mostly of operative quality only. 2. Based on the business strategy that complies with the value chain and support activities, the company holds the competitive advantage of selling products at a price radically less than the offer of its competitors. . Global R&D hub: Over the years, focus on producing innovative products with continued R&D has led to many firsts like ABS, EPS, PAS , FIE etc and thus has provided competitive edge in industry. 4. Large Contact Base: MICO has a large supplier and customer base and maintains a long term relationship with them. VRIN Analysis of Strategic capabilities: Bosch capabilities satisfy the following 4 conditions – 1. Valuable – Bosch’s capability to manufacture high quality diesel and gasoline systems provide cleaner and economical alternatives, thus adding value for the customer. . Rare – Bosch has pioneered the R&D in these technologies, and remains highly innovative to differentiate its products. Most component manufacturers fall into Tier III and Tier IV. Bosch is one of the rare Tier I manufacturers. 3. Costly to Imitate – Bosch also has been building these capabilities over many years. Huge R&D investments prohibi t others to imitate Bosch’s Technology. 4. Non-substitutable – In this technology-intensive industry, having high quality and efficient products is the only way to gain competitive advantage. Opportunities and ThreatsBased on the above analysis of the external and competitive environment, we can identify the opportunities and threats as follows. Opportunities 1. Domestic Investments and Growth a. The size of the Indian automotive industry is expected to grow at 13 per cent per annum to reach around US$ 130 billion to US$ 150 billion by 2016. b. The demand growth at 14% CAGR makes India one of the fastest growing markets. c. Though India's auto component industry has conventionally relied on exports for its profits, the domestic market itself is ripe with rapidly growing opportunities. . Industry experts are hopeful that the country will be able to offset China and other Southeast Asian countries' traditional manufacturing advantage in the coming years, facilitating the industry's achievement of its targeted market value of US$ 40 billion by 2014. e. During the quarter ended June 2009, all costs as a percentage of sales have seen a decline except for power, oil and fuel costs. Raw material costs have contributed the maximum to improvement in margins as these costs have come down from 63. 3 per cent in March 2008 to 57 per cent in June 2009. . The relaxation of FDI norms for the small-scale sector could emerge as one of the key growth drivers in the long run. g. With investments around US$ 15 billion slated for the sector over the next few years, the prospects for India's auto market look very bright indeed. 2. Huge Labour Force a. With 400,000 engineering graduates every year, out of which 7 million enter the workforce, there is a huge supply of labour force. b. Skilled labour costs in India are also among the lowest in the world. 3. Linked to Automobile SectorThe opportunities for the industry are also tied to the fortunes of the automobile indus try. As the Porter’s Five Forces Analysis showed above, auto manufacturers hold the greatest influence. a. The automobile sector is cyclical and dependent on the growth of the economy and improvement in infrastructure. Factors like increased public spending, favorable interest rates and general improvement in per capita income point towards higher demand for automobiles in the future. b. There has been a conscious effort by auto manufacturers to improve productivity of their suppliers (i. e. component providers) in the past few years. Though the number of active vendors has declined significantly for auto manufacturers, technology transfer and fresh fund infusions have resulted in improved productivity in the remaining ones. c. The growing Chinese automotive market also presents attractive business opportunities for automotive component manufacturers for exports. Threats 1. Lower Margins a. Highly competitive: Margins are likely to come under pressure in the long term because as competition increases, auto manufacturers will find it difficult to increase prices and will try to cut costs.The burden will eventually fall on auto ancillary players. b. Consolidation: As manufacturers sourcing components are keen to get components from fewer sources in future, this will lead to consolidation in the sector. Companies will have to focus on quality and abide by delivery schedules if they want to survive. 2. Trade Agreements The growing number of Free and Preferential trade agreements being signed by India with countries like Thailand, Singapore and other ASEAN countries will hurt the cost competitiveness of Indian companies as Indian players play significantly higher duties than their Asian counterparts.Therefore, Indian companies might lose out on big orders if the duty structure is not rationalised. Competitiveness & Position of Major Rivals The Company is operating in a highly competitive market which may exerts pressure both on the top line as well as th e bottom line of the company. The market structure is fragmented for a large number of ancillary products. The net profit fell 11. 5% year-on-year to Rs 247 crore  in the quarter ended June 2012 on rising depreciation cost. It’s competitor Motherson Sumi has recently acquired Peguform and Visiocorp and Vivek Chaand Sehgal and the acquisitions have reaped good returns so far.Its current turnover stands at Rs 15,000  crore. WABCO India has reported a sales turnover of Rs 249. 29  crore  and a net profit of Rs 41. 84 crore for the quarter ended Jun '12. The slowdown in auto sales is having a cascading effect on ancillary units forcing them to to cut production as inventories have started piling up due to demand slump. Bosch is not the only auto component supplier to curtail production. Other companies such as Mother Sumi Systems, which supplies parts to Maruti Suzuki, have also seen a drop in demand.According to Automotive Component Manufacturers’ Association of I ndia, growth of auto component industry is expected to slow down to 6-7% this year compared to 14% in 2011-12. As the growth is likely to be less, this might result in companies getting more competitive to get deals in their hand. Following are the few competitors of Bosch Ltd Name| Last Price| Market Cap. (Rs. cr. )| Sales Turnover| Net Profit| Total Assets| Bosch| 8,734. 75| 27,426. 15| 8,162. 06| 1,122. 56| 5,035. 57| Exide Industrie| 151. 85| 12,907. 25| 5,111. 02| 461. 17| 3,057. 32| Motherson Sumi| 160. 95| 9,462. 9| 3,587. 46| 317. 17| 2,152. 70| Amara Raja Batt| 224. 30| 3,831. 32| 2,371. 03| 215. 06| 907. 54| WABCO India| 1,629. 25| 3,090. 29| 1,045. 64| 153. 40| 529. 97| Amtek India| 100. 15| 2,771. 91| 1,886. 62| 151. 25| 3,758. 02| Amtek Auto| 88. 40| 1,949. 64| 2,368. 56| 288. 13| 7,533. 64| Federal-Mogul| 204. 85| 1,139. 62| 1,151. 48| 37. 46| 569. 03| Wheels| 745. 80| 736. 06| 2,077. 54| 34. 35| 555. 58| Sundaram-Clayton| 185. 45| 703. 51| 1,033. 94| 61. 17| 620. 78| Automotive Axle| 381. 90| 577. 13| 1,012. 49| 57. 56| 305. 65| Banco Products| 65. 95| 471. 67| 559. 63| 72. 43| 417. 1| Jamna Auto| 117. 20| 462. 78| 955. 58| 42. 84| 272. 62| PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Porter’s 5 forces and analysis of the competitive environment in this sector: Threat of new entrants (Moderate) 1. De-licensing has opened the market new entrants. 2. However, there are still many barriers to entry for the auto components market. Initial capital is very huge in the organised market restricting smaller players. 3. Technology and quality demands are very stringent. 4. As OEMs constitute the largest customer segment, component manufacturers get into strategic long term relationships, esp. or high value items. 5. Other advantages to existing players include customer service and distribution network. We can conclude that threat of new entrants is moderate. Bargaining power of suppliers 1. Raw material cost comes to 50-60% of the total production cost. 2. Suppliers to the auto component sector include companies from the electronics, fabrication, plastic and rubber, casting/forging, machine tools industries. 3. Bargaining power is low for high technology products. 4. Unorganized sector dominates the domestic component market due to excise benefits. Generally, excess supply persists.Bargaining power of customers (High) Bargaining power of customers is very high. The demand for auto ancillary products in linked to automobile demand. Demand is derived from – OEMs| Low Margin| Largest Demand, Stringent Requirements| Replacement Market| High Margin| Presence of Small competitors with cheaper prices| Exports| High Margin| Increasing Demand, Focus on Quality| This means: 1. The OEM market is very competitive and component manufacturers have to compromise on margins to bag bulk orders. 2. Moreover, delivery schedules and quality standards have to be adhered to very strictly.Companies operating in the export market face competition at a global level. Export demand is linked to the increasing acceptance towards outsourcing. In light of increased competition in the global market and oversupply situation, large auto manufacturers faced significant pressure on margins. Moreover, the imperative to invest in new product development increased. This resulted in global majors increasing budget for outsourcing of components in order to save cost. Threat of Substitutes (Low) The only substitutes to auto component manufacturers are organised component players working closely with R;amp;D teams of OEMs.However, this threat is very low. The unorganised components market faces a greater threat as replacement market consumers are shifting to genuine components. Rivalry among Competitors (Moderate) Competition is moderate. At the domestic level, market structure is fragmented for a large number of ancillary products. Most companies adopt low cost and differentiation strategies. In some products (like batteries), only two or three companies control over 80% of the market. Competition in coming period is expected to intensify, as global players enter the market leading to consolidation.The dereservation of Small Scale Industries will result in access to capital and technology. EXTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION MATRIX Key External Factors| Weight| Rating| Wtd Score| Opportunities| | | | | | | | Human Capital| 0. 10| 3| 0. 30| Labour Cost| 0. 10| 1| 0. 10| Domestic investment and growth| 0. 05| 2| 0. 10| Continuous Improvement of Products| 0. 10| 3| 0. 30| New Product Opportunities| 0. 05| 3| 0. 15| Festive season| 0. 05| 4| 0. 20| | | | | Threats| | | | | | | | Regulatory risks| 0. 10| 2| 0. 20| Input cost and inflation| 0. 10| 1| 0. 10| Currency risk| 0. 05| 1| 0. 05| Lack of demand| 0. 0| 1| 0. 10| Growth of Auto component sector to drop to 6-7%| 0. 05| 2| 0. 10| Labour Strikes| 0. 15| 1| 0. 15| | | | | Total| 1. 00| | 1. 85| | | | | The weighted score of EFE matrix is 1. 85. The score shows that the company is not very effective in taking advantage of the existing opportunities along with minimizing the potential adverse effects of external threats. References: 1. http://www. boschindia. com 2. www. moneycontrol. com 3. News Article : http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748703909804575122832895561158. html? mod=WSJ_latestheadlines 4. http://www. bosch. com